In 1985, IBM was America’s most valuable company, one of its most profitable, and among its largest employers, with a payroll of nearly 400,000. Today, Nvidia is nearly 20 times as valuable and five times as profitable as IBM was back then, adjusted for inflation. Yet it employs roughly a 10th as many people. That simple comparison says something profound about today’s economy: Its rewards are going disproportionately toward capital instead of labor. Profits have soared since the pandemic, and the market value attached to those profits even more. The result: Capital, which includes businesses, shareholders and superstar employees, is triumphant, while the average worker ekes out marginal gains….The brute financial force of all that wealth means market fluctuations… Meanwhile, artificial intelligence could funnel even more of economic output toward capital instead of labor. Amid reports in February 2026 that layoffs are climbing and job openings plunging, especially for professionals exposed to AI, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed above 50 000 for the first time.

Excerpt from Greg Ip, The Big Money in Today’s Economy Is Going to Capital, Not Labor, WSJ, Feb. 9, 2026